PD-L1 and PD-1 Expression in Early Stage Uterine Endometrioid Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) for cancer treatment in clinical oncology have revolutionized patient care. However, no gold standard exists for the criteria of analytical validity of TILs of different types of cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicopathological data from 60 patients with endometrioid carcinoma (EC) who had undergone surgical treatment at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital between January 2002 and December 2009, were investigated. The programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) expression levels were characterized by immunohistochemical staining patterns, and the interpretations derived from machine learning morphometric analysis (Genie) and the pathologists' assessments were compared. In solid tumors, pathologists assessed the proportion of positive cells in each core of the tissue microarray. For Genie, the proportion of positive cells in the entire core and the number of positive cells per 1 mm2 were used. RESULTS: Both the pathologists and Genie identified the same trend in association with tumor size, with significant differences (p=0.026, p=0.033). Genie expression showed a significant association with PD1 expression, and pathologists identified a significant association with PDL1 expression in immune cells. CONCLUSION: The PD1 expression levels identified in immune cells of EC specimens were similar between the pathologists and Genie, suggesting that there is little resistance to the introduction of morphometric analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to introduce and validate machine learning as an integrated method for predicting prognosis and treatment based on PD1 expression in EC tumor microenvironments.

FcRn Expression in Endometrial Cancer and Its Association with Clinicopathologic Features.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer (EC) has robust molecular diagnostic evidence that correlates well with prognosis. In various types of cancers, FcRn has been identified as an early marker for prognosis. This study aims to assess FcRn expression and its association with clinicopathological features in endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We employed a tissue microarray (TMA) from a retrospective cohort of 41 patients diagnosed with endometrioid endometrial cancer post hysterectomy between January 2002 and December 2009 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Relevant clinical data collection for the cohort involved reviewing patients' electronic medical charts. FcRn expression in microarrays of patient EC tissue was examined in conjunction with clinicopathologic data. Experiments, including siRNA knock-down, PCR mRNA semiquantification, Western blot, and confluence change tests, were conducted on the Ishikawa cell line. RESULTS: The overall FcRn expression rate in EC patients was 41.8%. FIGO stage showed a statistically significant relationship with FcRn expression, while age, lymphovascular invasion, myometrial invasion, and tumor size had no effect. In endometrioid cancer cells of FIGO stage IA, FcRn was less frequently expressed than in other high-staged EC patients (p = 0.021). In experiments on the Ishikawa cell line, the siRNA knock-down group exhibited quantitatively lower FCGRT mRNA expression and lower FcRn protein signal compared to the scrambled RNA control group. The change in confluence over time measured at three hotspots did not show a significant difference between groups. CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the initial assessment of FcRn expression in endometrioid EC samples. FcRn expression was significantly associated with the FIGO stage. Ishikawa cell line proliferation did not significantly change in response to decreased FcRn expression. Further studies are needed to elucidate FcRn expression in EC as a potential molecular parameter.

Intravascular NK/T-cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review.

Intravascular lymphoma is characterized by an exclusively intravascular distribution of tumor cells. Intravascular natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (IVNKTL) is extremely rare, highly aggressive, commonly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive, and predominantly affects the skin and central nervous system. Here we report a case of IVNKTL diagnosed in a 67-year-old female, presenting with persistent intermittent fever and skin rashes throughout the body. Incisional biopsy of an erythematous lesion on the chest exhibited aggregation of medium to large-sized atypical lymphoid cells confined to the lumen of small vessels that were positive for CD3, granzyme B, and CD56 on immunohistochemistry and EBV-encoded RNA in situ hybridization. EBV DNA was also detected in serum after diagnosis. With a review of 26 cases of IVNKTL to date, we suggest that active biopsy based on EBV DNA detection may facilitate early diagnosis of IVNKTL.

Perilipin1 Expression as a Prognostic Factor in Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung.

Perilipin (PLIN) is a major structural protein located on the surface of lipid droplets. PLIN plays an important role in human metabolism and is associated with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and endocrine disorders. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism is one of the most prominent metabolic changes observed in cancers. Therefore, the PLIN protein family has recently attracted attention owing to its role in lipid metabolism and cancer. To date, no studies have addressed the association between the prognosis of lung cancer and PLIN1 expression. For the first time, we found that high PLIN1 expression was significantly correlated with worse disease-free survival (DFS) in lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We examined PLIN1 expression by the immunohistochemical analysis of surgical lung SCC specimens obtained from 94 patients. We analyzed the correlation between PLIN1 expression, clinicopathological data, and patient survival, using a chi-squared test, Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank tests, and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression test. High PLIN1 expression was significantly correlated with lower DFS in the Kaplan-Meier analysis and the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model. High PLIN1 expression was significantly correlated with worse prognosis in lung SCC.

Impact of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 Expression in Patients With Preeclampsia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: As maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, studies on pregnancy-related complications from SARS-CoV-2 infection are being actively conducted. Considering that pregnant women with COVID-19 may develop a preeclampsia (PE)-like syndrome, it is necessary to differentiate it from PE because true PE can result in an unfavorable perinatal outcome during a hasty delivery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We investigated the protein expression of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in placental samples from 42 normotensive (n=9) and PE (n=33) patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection. We isolated placental trophoblast cells from normotensive and PE patients without evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of TMPRSS2 and ACE2. RESULTS: High ACE2 cytoplasmic expression in extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) was correlated with lower fibrin deposition (p=0.017). In comparison with high nuclear TMPRSS2 expression, low nuclearTMPRSS2 expression in endothelial cells (ECs) was positively correlated with PE (p=0.005), significantly higher systolic blood pressure (p=0.006), and higher urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (p=0.022). In contrast, high cytoplasmic TMPRSS2 expression in fibroblasts (FBs) was correlated with higher urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (p=0.018). Trophoblast cells extracted from PE placental tissue showed lower mRNA levels for both ACE2 and TMPRSS2. CONCLUSION: TMPRSS2 nuclear expression in ECs and cytoplasmic expression in FBs of the placenta may be related to a trophoblast-independent PE mechanism, and TMPRSS2 could be a new biomarker to discriminate actual PE from a PE-like syndrome associated with COVID-19.

Expression of the Hippo Pathway Core Components in Endometrial Cancer and Its Association with Clinicopathologic Features.

BACKGROUND: The Hippo signaling pathway has a key role in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the expression of core components of the Hippo signaling pathway and its association with clinicopathological features in endometrial cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively collected endometrioid endometrial cancer specimens from 60 patients between January 2002 and December 2009 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. Relevant clinicopathological data were obtained through electronic medical records of patients. The expression patterns of six core components (YAP, p-YAP, LATS1/2, MST1/2, KIBRA, and Merlin) were identified by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarray sections. RESULTS: The positive expression ratio was 75.0% for YAP, 73.3% for p-YAP, 26.7% for MST1/2, 16.7% for KIBRA, 15.0% for Merlin, and 15.0% for LATS1/2. YAP expression was negatively correlated with MST 1/2 kinases (p = 0.045) and positively correlated with p-YAP (p = 0.012). Merlin, and MST 1/2 kinases (p = 0.043) showed a positive correlation. A subgroup of patients aged below 60 years (p = 0.004) and with myometrial invasion depth of less than 1/2 (p = 0.041) showed a positive association with YAP expression. p-YAP expression was negatively associated with a subset of patients with primary tumour size ≥4 cm (p = 0.03). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between age and YAP expression. The odds ratio of p-YAP expression was significantly lower in the group with tumour size ≥4 cm. CONCLUSION: Two prognostic factors, age and tumour size, were significantly associated with the expression of YAP and p-YAP in endometrial cancer. Further research should focus on their expression as a marker for prediction of clinicopathological implications in endometrial cancer.

Fc Receptor Expression as a Prognostic Factor in Patients With Non-small-cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is a major histocompatibility class I-like molecule responsible for the transfer of passive humoral immunity from a mother to her newborn. Recent research revealed that FcRn is involved in antigen-presentation, humoral immunity and antitumor immunity of various types of cancer, such as lung, colon and breast. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of all lung cancer. NSCLC is a highly heterogeneous disease and this affects the prognosis. Therefore, many studies have tried to identify factors that are associated with prognosis. The lungs are a major organ expressing FcRn. We aimed to evaluate FcRn expression in surgical specimens of NSCLC and determine its correlation with patient prognosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 140 NSCLC surgical specimens for FcRn expression using immunohistochemistry and correlated positivity with clinicopathology and survival of these patients. A chi-squared test and Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank tests were performed for statistical evaluation. RESULTS: The FcRn-positive group had a significantly higher disease-free survival and a tendency towards increased disease-specific survival in patients with tumor-node-metastasis stage I NSCLC. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the hypothesis that FcRn down-regulation is associated with NSCLC progression.

Factors Associated with the Severity of Pregnancy-Related Hypertensive Disorder: Significance of Clinical, Laboratory, and Histopathological Features.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the association of maternal clinical and laboratory features and placental histopathological changes with disease severity in pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders. From January 2021 to December 2021, clinical and laboratory data at the time of delivery and histopathological features of the placenta were collected from pregnant women with pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders at a single institution. The women were classified according to the pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder clinical severity, and each variable was compared accordingly. Gestational age-matched normotensive groups were also compared. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to identify factors influencing pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder severity. Fifty-eight pregnancies were analyzed. Maternal albumin levels before delivery (beta coefficient -0.83, p = 0.043) and increased placental syncytial knots (beta coefficient 0.71, p = 0.026) are important parameters that are closely related to disease severity in women with pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders. The combination of albumin, PAPP-A, total bilirubin, and eGFR levels appears to be optimal for predicting pregnancy-related hypertensive disorder severity.

RAB27A and RAB27B Expression May Predict Lymph Node Metastasis and Survival in Patients With Gastric Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: RAB27A and RAB27B are involved in exosome secretion. To date, there have been many attempts to elucidate the roles of RAB27A and RAB27B in the prognosis of various cancer types. The association of RAB27A and RAB27B expression with the clinical and pathological features was evaluated in patients with stomach cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 360 patients who had undergone surgery for stomach cancer between January 1999 and December 2007 at Gyeongsang National University were enrolled in the study. Disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were compared according to immunohistochemistry of tumor samples. RAB27A and RAB27B mRNA and protein were also extracted from four stomach cancer cell lines using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. RESULTS: Strong nuclear RAB27A expression in tumor samples was statistically significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis. Cytoplasmic RAB27B expression was related to poor disease-free survival and its combined cytoplasmic and membranous expression was related to disease-specific survival of patients with different histopathological types of stomach cancer. High RAB27A expression and high RAB27B expression was found in four stomach cancer cell blocks. Among the four cell lines, NCI-N87 exhibited the lowest relative mRNA density and HS746T exhibited the highest relative protein density for both RAB27A and RAB27B. CONCLUSION: RAB27A and RAB27B expression may help predict lymph node metastasis and survival of patients with gastric cancer.

Quantitative analysis of exosomes in the aqueous humor of Korean patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma.

We aimed to quantitatively analyze the exosome and its cargo in individual aqueous humor (AH) samples from pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma patients compared to controls using a novel detection platform. We investigated the size distribution and measured the quantitative exosome particle counts in each AH sample. AH (80-120 µL) was obtained during cataract surgery or glaucoma filtering surgery from 12 Korean subjects (six with PEX glaucoma and six age-matched controls). The mean size of the exosomes was 58.9 ± 18.5 nm measured by a tangential flow filtration system using single-particle interferometric reflectance imaging sensor. Exosome particle count in each CD 63, CD 81, and CD9 spot was significantly greater in PEX glaucoma than in controls in total, CD 63, CD9, syntenin, and scattering(all p < 0.003). The CD63 spot showed a particle count of 8319.1 ± 797.7 in PEX glaucoma patients and 4786.8 ± 1302.1 in controls (p = 1.88E-11). Individual fluorescent capture spot images also revealed denser exosome particles in PEX patients than in controls. Syntenin, indicating exosomal origin, was detected in all AH samples. Exosomes differentially detected in AH suggest the possible role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of PEX glaucoma.

Acute kidney injury due to direct infiltration by lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma secreting IgG paraproteins: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) associated with a monoclonal immunoglobulin M protein. Although acute kidney injury (AKI) due to immunoglobulin M paraprotein infiltration into the renal interstitium has been reported, there has been no report of AKI with invasion of the immunoglobulin G paraprotein into the renal interstitium in a patient with LPL. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 65-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with fatigue and decreased renal function. He complained of a 3-kg weight loss in the last 3 months. DIAGNOSIS: The initial blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels were 55.9 and 1.83 mg/dL, respectively. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed a monoclonal component (3.5 g/dL) in the gamma region and immunofixation electrophoresis showed an immunoglobulin G kappa monoclonal protein. Renal pathology revealed that CD3-CD20+ CD138+ lymphoid cells had infiltrated the renal interstitium. A bone marrow biopsy was compatible with LPL. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous methylprednisolone (1 mg/kg) was administered after confirming the renal pathological findings. OUTCOMES: Serum creatinine decreased to 0.8 mg/dL 14 days after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians should recognize LPL secreting various immunoglobulins as a possible cause of AKI when renal failure of unknown etiology and serum immunoglobulin paraprotein is present. A kidney biopsy should be performed for definitive diagnosis and appropriate management.

Correlation between myoferlin expression and lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Myoferlin is a multifunctional protein expressed in various normal and cancer cells, with novel oncogenic roles being newly discovered. Recently, correlations have been found between myoferlin expression and unfavorable prognosis in various carcinomas. This study investigated the prognostic role of myoferlin expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), specifically that associated with nodal metastasis. METHODS: We collected clinicopathological data and PTC tissues from 116 patients who had been admitted to Gyeongsang National University Hospital in 2010. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on surgical specimen-derived tissue microarray blocks. Myoferlin expression was graded, and the relationship between expression level and pathological features of tumors based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 116 patient samples, 100 cases exhibited positive myoferlin expression. Higher grade of myoferlin expression was correlated with lower T category group (p = .010). Presence of lymph node metastasis was determined to be significantly correlated with low-grade myoferlin expression (p = .019), with no significant difference between pN1a and pN1b tumors. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed an adverse correlation between myoferlin expression and pathological features of PTC, evidence of the potential prognostic role of myoferlin in PTC lymph node metastasis.

MicroRNA profiles in aqueous humor between pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma patients in a Korean population.

We aimed to obtain microRNA (miRNA) profiles of patients with pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma or normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) compared to normal controls using individual aqueous humor (AH) samples and investigate the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PEX glaucoma compared to NTG in Korean. AH (80-120 µl) was collected before cataract surgery or trabeculectomy from 26 Korean subjects (eleven with PEX glaucoma, age-matched eight NTG, and seven controls). RNA sequencing was conducted for RNA samples extracted from 26 AH samples. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for targets and related pathways. A total of 334 and 291 discrete miRNAs were detected in AH samples of PEX glaucoma and NTG patients, respectively. Two significantly upregulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-30d-5p and hsa-miR-320a) and ten significantly downregulated miRNAs (hsa-miR-3156-5p, hsa-miR-4458, hsa-miR-6717-5p, hsa-miR-6728-5p, hsa-miR-6834-5p, hsa-miR-6864-5p, hsa-miR-6879-5p, hsa-miR-877-3p, hsa-miR-548e-3p, and hsa-miR-6777-5p) in PEX glaucoma patients compared to control (fold-change > 2, p < 0.05) were found. In NTG patients, ten significantly upregulated and two downregulated miRNAs compared to control were found. Only hsa-miR-6777-5p was commonly downregulated in both PEX glaucoma and NTG patients. Related pathways were proteoglycans in cancer, glioma, and TGF-beta signaling pathway in PEX glaucoma. These differentially expressed miRNAs between PEX glaucoma and NTG samples suggest the possible role of miRNA in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, further implying that pathogenic mechanisms may differ between different types of glaucoma.

Significance of HER2 and VEGFR2 in Early-stage Endometrial Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The majority of patients with early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) have a good prognosis, but recurrence does occur despite diagnosis at an early stage. There is a growing need for early diagnosis of EC and novel treatment options. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR) expression in microarrays of patient EC tissue was examined in association with clinicopathological data. HER2 and VEGFR2 expression in Ishikawa cells and differences in migration and proliferation of cells with HER2-knockdown were evaluated. RESULTS: Higher expression of VEGFR2 was associated with lower International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology grades (p=0.044). The positive correlation between HER2 and VEFR2 expression was statistically significant in T1 stage (p=0.002) and International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology grade 1 tumors (p=0.004). Wound-healing assays revealed that HER2 loss in Ishikawa cells reduced confluence compared to that of control cells. CONCLUSION: The association of VEGFR2 and HER2 expression in early EC was elucidated. This study shows that the measurement of VEGFR2 expression may be useful in the preoperative assessment of EC and suggests the possibility of anti-HER2 therapy for EC.

Classification of subtypes including LCNEC in lung cancer biopsy slides using convolutional neural network from scratch.

Identifying the lung carcinoma subtype in small biopsy specimens is an important part of determining a suitable treatment plan but is often challenging without the help of special and/or immunohistochemical stains. Pathology image analysis that tackles this issue would be helpful for diagnoses and subtyping of lung carcinoma. In this study, we developed AI models to classify multinomial patterns of lung carcinoma; ADC, LCNEC, SCC, SCLC, and non-neoplastic lung tissue based on convolutional neural networks (CNN or ConvNet). Four CNNs that were pre-trained using transfer learning and one CNN built from scratch were used to classify patch images from pathology whole-slide images (WSIs). We first evaluated the diagnostic performance of each model in the test sets. The Xception model and the CNN built from scratch both achieved the highest performance with a macro average AUC of 0.90. The CNN built from scratch model obtained a macro average AUC of 0.97 on the dataset of four classes excluding LCNEC, and 0.95 on the dataset of three subtypes of lung carcinomas; NSCLC, SCLC, and non-tumor, respectively. Of particular note is that the relatively simple CNN built from scratch may be an approach for pathological image analysis.

Schwannoma of the breast presenting as a painful lump: A case report.

RATIONALE: Schwannoma in the breast parenchyma is very unusual. It usually develops on the head, neck, and extensor surfaces of the upper and lower extremities. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a case of a 60-year-old woman with a palpable and painful mass. Clinically, she experienced neuropathic pain at the mass site. DIAGNOSES: The tumor was a 1 cm, well-circumscribed mass, and revealed schwannoma on core needle biopsy. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent wide excision. OUTCOMES: No postoperative complications were observed. A six-month follow-up revealed no recurrence. LESSONS SUBSECTIONS: Although breast schwannoma is a very rare tumor, it is a very important consideration in case of a Breast Imaging-Report and Data System 4A lesion with a painful and palpable mass.

Long noncoding RNAs associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in a high cholesterol diet adult zebrafish model.

The mechanism of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not been completely revealed. In this study, we investigated the association of liver histological changes and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the NAFLD zebrafish model. Forty zebrafish were fed a high-cholesterol diet (1.5 g per day) for 8 weeks. We measured fatty liver changes in the zebrafish liver using oil red O staining and divided them into two groups based on high and low scores. We pooled each group of zebrafish livers and identified lncRNAs, miRNAs, and mRNAs using Next-generation sequencing. Human homologs of lncRNAs were identified using ZFLNC, Ensembl, and NONCODE. We found several significant genes, including 32 lncRNAs, 5 miRNA genes, and 8 protein-coding genes, that were associated with liver metabolism and NAFLD-related functions in zebrafish. In particular, eight conserved human homologs of lncRNAs were found. We discovered the human homologs of eight lncRNA candidates from fatty liver zebrafish for the first time. The spectrum of biological mechanisms by which lncRNAs mediate their functional roles in NAFLD in a high cholesterol diet adult zebrafish model remains to be uncovered.

Profiles of microRNA in aqueous humor of normal tension glaucoma patients using RNA sequencing.

We aimed to identify and compare microRNAs (miRNAs) from individual aqueous humor samples between normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients and normal controls. Aqueous humor (80 to 120 µl) was collected before cataract surgery. Six stable NTG patients and seven age-matched controls were included in the final analysis. RNA sequencing was conducted for RNA samples extracted from the 13 aqueous humor samples, and bioinformatics analysis was employed for the miRNA targets and related pathways. Two hundred and twenty-eight discrete miRNAs were detected in the aqueous humor and consistently expressed in all samples. Eight significantly upregulated miRNAs were found in the NTG patients compared to the controls (fold-change > 2, p < 0.05). They were hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-let-7c-5p, hsa-let-7f-5p, hsa-miR-192-5p, hsa-miR-10a-5p, hsa-miR-10b-5p, hsa-miR-375, and hsa-miR-143-3p. These miRNAs were predicted to be associated with the biological processes of apoptosis, autophagy, neurogenesis, and aging in the gene ontology categories. The related Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathways were extracellular matrix-receptor interaction, mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis, biotin metabolism, and signaling pathways regulating the pluripotency of stem cells. The differentially expressed miRNA in the NTG samples compared to the controls suggest the possible roles of miRNA in the pathogenesis of NTG. The underlying miRNA-associated pathways further imply novel targets for the pathogenesis of NTG.

BAI1 nuclear expression reflects the survival of nonsmoking non-small cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Smoking- and nonsmoking-associated lung cancers have different mechanisms of carcinogenesis. We divided non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients into nonsmoking and smoking groups with the aim of trying to understand the utility of brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) expression in the separate groups. METHODS: Clinicopathological data were obtained from 148 patients who had undergone surgery for NSCLC of the lung. Tissue microarray blocks were made of samples from NSCLC patients. Two pathologists graded the intensity of BAI1 expression as high or low expression in the cancer cells of patients in the smoking and nonsmoking groups. RESULTS: NSCLC nonsmokers with higher BAI1 nuclear expression had poor disease-specific survival (DSS) (hazard ratio: 2.679; 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.022-7.022, p = 0.045). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve confirmed that higher BAI1 expression was significantly associated with poor DSS (p = 0.034) in the nonsmoking group. CONCLUSIONS: We divided NSCLC patients into nonsmoking and smoking groups and found that nuclear BAI1 expression was related to patient survival in nonsmoking NSCLC patients. We suggest BAI1 expression as a predictive marker of nonsmoking-associated NSCLC and recommend that it be evaluated as an AJCC staging criterion in the future.

PD-1 Expression and its Correlation With Prognosis in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) expression levels in many tumors and their correlation with prognosis have been actively studied. However, studies on PD-1 expression and its prognostic value in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) are limited and controversial. In this study, we describe the expression of PD-1 and its prognostic significance and association with clinical features in patients with ccRCC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We obtained clinicopathological data from 166 patients with ccRCC who were treated at Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea between January 2000 and December 2009. Tissue microarray blocks were made using representative paraffin blocks of ccRCC specimens. Two pathologists analyzed PD-L1 and PD-1 expression in both tumor and inflammatory cells. RESULTS: PD-1 expression in tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells was significantly correlated with unfavorable disease-free survival (DFS) (p<0.001) and disease-specific survival (DSS) (p=0.002) in the univariate analysis. A statistically significant correlation between PD-1 expression and unfavorable DFS (p=0.025) was observed in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: PD-1 expression in tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells serves as an independent prognostic factor for unfavorable DSS in patients with ccRCC.